‘98嫩江,松花江洪水与流域综合管理   总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12  

吕宪国  张为中 《地理科学》1999,19(1):10-14

１９９８年夏季,嫩江,松花江流域发生历史罕见的洪水,此次洪水主要特征是水位高,水量大、持续时间长,灾情严重,由于嫩江支流相继发生洪水,致使嫩江干流再现三次较大的洪峰。农作物受灾面积４５６×１０＾４ｈｍ＾２,洪灾的主要原因是雨量大,汛期长,土地利用不合理,区域生态环境退化,缺乏控制性水利工程,亟需开展流域综合管理工作,加强水利工程建设,尤其是控制性水利工程建设,发展生态安全型农业。  相似文献   

基于Copula函数的太湖流域汛期洪涝灾害危险性分析     

罗赟  董增川  管西柯  刘玉环  钟敦宇  袁嘉晨 《湖泊科学》2020,32(1):223-235

太湖流域位于长江入海口,地处中国沿海经济带和长江沿线内陆经济带的交汇处,是中国高度城镇化地区之一.流域汛期降水受到多重天气系统的影响,不同的天气系统带来时空分布各异的降水,给该地区城镇防洪排涝工作造成了巨大的挑战.本文基于Copula理论对太湖流域汛期洪涝风险进行研究,考虑了因降水主导因素不同所造成的流域洪涝风险的时空差异性.在时间角度,采用降水主导因素发生时间的概率分布,将汛期划分为梅汛期和台汛期;在空间角度,通过Copula函数,对研究区进行聚类划分;在此基础上,根据太湖流域防洪规划,对流域梅汛期和台汛期的洪涝风险进行分析.研究结果表明:①太湖流域的汛期划分为:6月24日7月21日为梅汛期,7月22日9月22日为台汛期;②根据各分区降水和太湖水位的联合分布函数拟合效果的优劣,在梅汛期,太湖流域被划分为P-Ⅰ区、P-Ⅱ区和P-Ⅲ区;在台汛期,整个流域的降水作为一个整体,不分区;③到2025年,太湖流域在梅汛期和台汛期出现排涝不利情境的风险概率分别为2.4%和1.1%.本文的研究方法可以为太湖流域设计暴雨的调整、洪水资源的利用以及防洪排涝实时调度的决策提供科学参考.  相似文献   

南四湖“三湖两河”洪水演算数值模型优化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王宗志  谢伟杰  王立辉  刘克琳  程亮  王坤 《湖泊科学》2018,30(5):1458-1470

南四湖是中国北方最大的淡水湖泊,由南阳湖、独山湖、昭阳湖和微山湖4个湖区串联而成,地形复杂,洪水易涨难消,与滨湖区涝水交换频繁,建立兼顾效率和精度的洪水演算模型复杂困难.基于1960s提出的用"三湖"和"两河"来概化模拟南四湖洪水的理念与"三湖两河"半图解法洪水演算模型,采用四阶龙格库塔法代替半图解法,改进"三湖两河"洪水演算模型,对比分析计算精度、效率和灵活性,"三湖两河"洪水演算数值解模型优于半图解法;分析了滨湖排水模数、"两河"传播历时等模型经验参数的敏感性,以及韩庄闸水位—流量关系变动对湖泊高水位的影响,据此提出了南四湖洪涝治理的若干建议.南四湖"三湖两河"洪水演算数值解模型可作为南四湖洪水管理的基础工具,因地制宜的建模思路对类似湖库具有重要参考价值.  相似文献   

洪水风险=灾害事件×暴露程度×脆弱程度   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Wolfgang KRON 《湖泊科学》2003,15(Z1):190-204

世界上,洪水可能是造成损失最大的自然灾害.世界上没有哪个地区不受到洪水的威助、由于洪灾风险是灾害事件、洪泛区财产遭遇风险的程度,以及它们的脆弱性的函数,所以灾害损失的增长与上述各个方面的变化都有关.防洪措施可以减少灾害事件的频率,恰当的预防措施也能显著降低财产风险.然而除了公共措施和私人措施外,在减少私人、企业、甚至整个社会的风险方面,保险发挥着关键作用.近年来,对洪水保险的需求日益增长,促使保险公司必须采取适当的解决方案.与此同时,至关重要的是,保险公司应当清楚在极端情况下他们自己可能承担的最大损失.  相似文献   

洪湖分蓄洪区洪水淹没风险动态识别与可能损失评估   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Marco GEMMER  王国杰  姜彤 《湖泊科学》2006,18(5):464-469

全球气候变化和社会经济快速发展,使长江流域面临越来越严重的防洪压力．在长江流域开展洪水淹没风险识别与洪水损失评估工作,对于长江流域洪水风险管理具有重大意义．本项研究以洪湖分蓄洪区为案例,采用基于GIS栅格数据整合于Arcview3．x的二维水文-水动力学模型进行洪水淹没风险动态识别,并且根据土地利用分类及其单位面积价值,建立洪水淹没损失函数,进行洪水淹没动态损失评估,建立了东洪湖分蓄洪区洪水淹没动态损失数据库,为东洪湖分蓄洪区的合理利用提供定量科学依据．洪水淹没动态风险识别基于数字高程模型进行,采用修正的1998年夏季洪水水位-时间水文过程线对模型参数进行调整,并以地面糙率反映不同地表覆盖形态对洪水演进过程的影响．  相似文献   

复杂河道洪水预报系统研究——以淮河王家坝至小柳巷区间流域为例   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

常露  刘开磊  姚成  李致家 《湖泊科学》2013,25(3):422-427

随着社会经济的快速发展,洪水灾害造成的损失日益严重.洪水预报作为一项重要的防洪非工程措施,对防洪、抗洪工作起着至关重要的作用.淮河洪水危害的严重性和洪水演进过程的复杂性使得淮河洪水预报系统的研究长期以来受到高度重视.本文以王家坝至小柳巷区间流域为例,以河道洪水演算为主线,采用新安江三水源模型进行子流域降雨径流预报,概化具有行蓄洪区的干流河道,进行支流与干流、行蓄洪区与干流的洪水汇流耦合计算,采用实时更新的基于多元回归的方法确定水位流量关系,并以上游站点降雨径流预报模型提供的流量作为上边界条件、以下游站点的水位流量关系作为下边界条件,结合行蓄洪调度模型,建立具有行蓄洪区的河道洪水预报系统,再与基于K-最近邻(KNN)的非参数实时校正模型耦合,建立淮河中游河道洪水预报系统.采用多年资料模拟取得了较好的预报效果,并以2003和2007年大洪水为例进行检验,模拟结果精度较高,也证明了所建预报系统的合理性和适用性.  相似文献   

我国东南沿海中小流域洪水模拟研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

许有鹏  都金康  王腊春  周寅康 《湖泊科学》2004,16(Z1):116-123

我国东南沿海多为独流入海的中小流域,河流短小,流域调节能力弱.该区洪水历时较短,但危害较大,加之近年来区内经济的迅速发展,洪水造成损失日趋加剧,因此开展此区洪水特性和防洪减灾研究意义重大.本文以中国东南沿海曹娥江流域为典型,根据中小流域洪水的特点,在初步分析流域降雨径流的成因和洪水演进规律的基础上,开展了流域洪水模拟研究, 选择建立了流域降雨径流模型以及洪水演进模型,重点探讨了利用遥感信息和GIS相结合确定水文模型参数的方法和途径,经实验流域资料检验分析,其模拟结果计算精度满足要求.该研究将有助于该区流域降雨径流特性及洪水演变规律的深入研究,同时为东南沿海中小流域洪水模拟预测和防洪减灾研究提供了经验和模式.  相似文献   

Real-time assimilation of streamflow observations into a hydrological routing model: effects of model structures and updating methods   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Maurizio Mazzoleni  Haksu Lee  Yuqiong Liu  Dong-Jun Seo  Alessandro Amaranto 《水文科学杂志》2018,63(3):386-407

This paper comparatively assesses the performance of five data assimilation techniques for three-parameter Muskingum routing with a spatially lumped or distributed model structure. The assimilation techniques used include direct insertion (DI), nudging scheme (NS), Kalman filter (KF), ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and asynchronous ensemble Kalman filter (AEnKF), which are applied to river reaches in Texas and Louisiana, USA. For both lumped and distributed routing, results from KF, EnKF and AEnKF are sensitive to the error specification. As expected, DI outperformed the other models in the case of lumped modelling, while in distributed routing, KF approaches, particularly AEnKF and EnKF, performed better than DI or nudging, reflecting the benefit of updating distributed states through error covariance modelling in KF approaches. The results of this work would be useful in setting up data assimilation systems that employ increasingly abundant real-time observations using distributed hydrological routing models.  相似文献   

Influence of spatial distribution of sensors and observation accuracy on the assimilation of distributed streamflow data in hydrological modelling     

Maurizio Mazzoleni  Leonardo Alfonso  Dimitri Solomatine 《水文科学杂志》2017,62(3):389-407

The aim of this study is to assess the influence of sensor locations and varying observation accuracy on the assimilation of distributed streamflow observations, also taking into account different structures of semi-distributed hydrological models. An ensemble Kalman filter is used to update a semi-distributed hydrological model as a response to measured streamflow. Various scenarios of sensor locations and observation accuracy are introduced. The methodology is tested on the Brue basin during five flood events. The results of this work demonstrate that the assimilation of streamflow observations at interior points of the basin can improve the hydrological models according to the particular location of the sensors and hydrological model structure. It is also found that appropriate definition of the observation accuracy can affect model performance and consequent flood forecasting. These findings can be used as criteria to develop methods for streamflow monitoring network design.  相似文献   

Subgrid modeling of salt marsh hydrodynamics with effects of vegetation and vegetation zonation          下载免费PDF全文

Guoxiang Wu  Huajun Li  Bingchen Liang  Fengyan Shi  James T. Kirby  Ryan Mieras 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(12):1755-1768

Vegetation plays a critical role in modifying inundation and flow patterns in salt marshes. In this study, the effects of vegetation are derived and implemented in a high‐resolution, subgrid model recently developed for simulating salt marsh hydrodynamics. Vegetation‐induced drag forces are taken into account as momentum sink terms. The model is then applied to simulate the flooding and draining processes in a meso‐tidal salt marsh, both with and without vegetation effects. Marsh inundation and flow patterns are significantly changed with the presence of vegetation. A smaller area of inundation occurs when vegetation is considered. Tides propagate both on the platform and through the channels when vegetation is absent, whereas flows concentrate mainly in channels when vegetation is present. Local inundation on vegetated platforms is caused mainly by water flux spilled from nearby channels, with a flow direction perpendicular to the channel edges, whereas inundation on bare platforms has contributions from both local spilled‐over water flux and remote advection from adjacent platforms. The flooding characteristics predicted by the model showed a significant difference between higher marsh and lower marsh, which is consistent with the wetlands classification by the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI). The flooding characteristics and spatial distribution of hydroperiod are also highly correlated with the vegetation zonation patterns observed in Google Earth imagery. Regarding the strong interaction between flow, vegetation and geomorphology, the conclusion highlights the importance of including vegetation in the modeling of salt marsh dynamics. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献